The Girl who played with fire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Girl who played with fire - Essay Example Nonetheless, to a bigger extent, this novel is a mirror of the society today, and therefore, presents a challenge, and offers insightful platforms for moral transformation of individuals and whole society. Lisbeth Salander is one of the main characters who carry most of the themes in the novel. Most of the events in this novel are a representation of what happens in the society today. This therefore, plays the role of highlighting these moral concerns in society, thereby, instilling the urge of change in the people who read this novel. The society today is faced with a high level of moral decadence, just as the case in this novel. First, the aspect of violence is rampant in the novel. The author has used different violent scenes to show this. For instance, forms of sexual violence; including rape, shoot-outs, murders, bombings, and axing, are all forms of violence present in this novel. Salander, the main character propagates some forms of violence; while on the other hand, she is al so a victim of violence. She uses violence as a defence mechanism for herself and others. As a victim of violence, Salander’s character suffers in the media and in the social welfare system. â€Å"POLICE TRACKING LESBIAN SATANIST CULT.† (20.173). ... Teleborian had pretended that Salander was violent, which was not the case. The court systems and police force also propagate a form of violence when they fail to address the concerns of rape victims in a just manner. The height of violence is also manifest at the end of the novel, when Salander’s brother buries her alive, after being shot in the head by her father. The novel therefore, highlights violence, which is highly despised in society, but still rampant. Gender and gender discrimination is another moral question present in Larsson’s book. There are both good and bad male characters in this novel. The good men show a higher level of respect for the females. The bad men in the novel are sadistic and perpetuate discrimination of women in the novel. For instance, they show disrespect for women by using obscene words such as â€Å"whore,† â€Å"bitch,† and â€Å"slut† to refer to women. Some of the men are responsible for raping women, killing wo men, and beating them up. â€Å"The press would rip him to shreds. A member of the Security Police who exploited teenage prostitutes†¦If only those fucking cunts hadn't been so young.† (23.29). Gunnar Bjorck views women as sex objects, and does not feel guilty that he abused them, he only fears being exposed. Apart from sadistic men, the media, systems of justice, social, and health institutions also contribute to discrimination of females. â€Å"When it later turned out that Norgren had been convicted for sexual offenses twice before, the prosecutor decided to drop the case. But that did not mean the social welfare report on Salander was set aside.† (21.10). Although Norgeren assaults Salander, he is not punished for it, yet Salander continues to be depicted as a

College Athletes Should be paid Essay Example for Free

College Athletes Should be paid Essay Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athletes the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athletes the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athlet es the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athletes the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship c ould set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athlet es the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athlet es the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny)

Organizational Culture in Turkish :: Foreign Turkey Turkish Essays

Organizational Culture in Turkish Ãâ€"rgà ¼t kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼ ile ilgili à §alà ½Ãƒ ¾malarà ½n 1970’li yà ½llarda baà ¾ladà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ ve 1980’lerde ise aà °Ãƒ ½rlà ½k kazandà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ gà ¶rà ¼lmektedir . Bunun sebeplerinden ilki, à ¶rgà ¼tte à §eà ¾itli kà ¼ltà ¼rlerden gelen insanlarà ½n oluà ¾turduklarà ½ alt kà ¼ltà ¼rlerin birbirleri à ¼zerinde kurmak istedikleri iktidar mà ¼cadelelerinden kaynaklanan olumsuz à §atà ½Ãƒ ¾ma ortamà ½nà ½ engellemek ià §in bir à ¼st kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼n tanà ½mlanmasà ½na ihtiyaà § duyulmasà ½dà ½r. Bà ¶ylece à ¶rgà ¼te gelen à §alà ½Ãƒ ¾anlar kapà ½dan ià §eri girerken dà ½Ãƒ ¾arà ½dan getirdikleri kendi kà ¼ltà ¼rel kimlik ve deà °erlerini tà ½pkà ½ paltolarà ½nà ½ askà ½ya asar gibi dà ½Ãƒ ¾arà ½da bà ½rakacaklar ve ià ¾ à ¶nlà ¼klerini giyer gibi à ¶rgà ¼tà ¼n à ¼st kà ¼ltà ¼rel kimlià °ini takà ½nacaklardà ½r. à kincisi, 1970’li yà ½llardan itibaren Japonya’nà ½n, yà ¶netim ve ià ¾letmecilik alanà ½nda Amerika’nà ½n à ¼stà ¼nlà ¼Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¼nà ¼ kà ½rmaya baà ¾lamasà ½dà ½r. Bilindià °i à ¼zere, 1960’là ½ ve 1970’li yà ½llar arasà ½ Amerika’nà ½n dà ¼nya ekonomisinde yà ¶netim ve ià ¾letmecilik alnà ½nda à ¼stà ¼nlà ¼Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¼nà ¼n tartà ½Ãƒ ¾masà ½z kabul edildià °i bir dà ¶nem olma à ¶zellià °i taà ¾Ãƒ ½maktadà ½r. Oysaki II. Dà ¼nya Savaà ¾Ãƒ ½nà ½n hemen arkasà ½ndan Japon ià ¾letmelerinin birà §ok alanda Amerikan ià ¾letmelerinin à ¶nà ¼ne geà §mesi ve à ¼lkelerini ekonomik bir sà ¼per gà ¼Ãƒ § olmaya doà °ru gà ¶tà ¼rmeleri birà §ok araà ¾tà ½rmacà ½yà ½ bunun nedeni ile ilgilenmeye yà ¶neltmià ¾tir (Morgan, 1998). Bu ilgi à ¶rgà ¼t kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼ ile ilgili bir takà ½m kavramlarà ½n gelià ¾mesini saà °lamà ½Ãƒ ¾tà ½r. Bu à §alà ½Ãƒ ¾ma iki bà ¶là ¼mden oluà ¾maktadà ½r. Birinci bà ¶là ¼m Ãâ€"rgà ¼t Kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼ kavramà ½nà ½ atomize ederek baà ¾ta à ¶rgà ¼t ,ardà ½nda kà ¼ltà ¼r kavramlarà ½nà ½ ià ¾leyecek adà ½ndan ise bir bà ¼tà ¼n olarak Ãâ€"rgà ¼t Kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼nà ¼ irdeleyecektir. à kinci bà ¶là ¼m ise Ãâ€"rgà ¼t Kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼nà ¼n temel unsurlarà ½ olanVarsayà ½mlar,deà °erler, Normlar ve dià °er unsurlarà ½n tek tek ele alà ½nà ½p incelenmesinden oluà ¾maktadà ½r. Bà Rà NCà  BÃâ€"LÃÅ"M:Ãâ€"RGÃÅ"T KÃÅ"LTÃÅ"RÃÅ" Ãâ€"rgà ¼t: Ãâ€"rgà ¼tà ¼n deà °ià ¾ik tanà ½mlarà ½ yapà ½lmà ½Ãƒ ¾tà ½r. Barnard (1994), â€Å"à ¶rgà ¼tà ¼, iki veya daha fazla bireyin bilinà §li olarak koordine edilmià ¾ etkinliklerinin veya gà ¼Ãƒ §lerinin bir sistemi† olarak tanà ½mlamà ½Ãƒ ¾ ve bir à ¶rgà ¼tà ¼n, ortak bir amacà ½ baà ¾armak ià §in aksiyona katkà ½da bulunmaya gà ¶nà ¼llà ¼, birbirleriyle iletià ¾ime girebilen bireyler olduà °unda ortaya à §Ãƒ ½ktà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½nà ½ à ¶ne sà ¼rmà ¼Ãƒ ¾tà ¼r. Schein (1970) à ¶rgà ¼tà ¼; â€Å"ià ¾ ve ià ¾ bà ¶là ¼mà ¼ yapà ½larak, bir otorite ve sorumluluk hiyerarà ¾isi ià §inde, ortak amaà § ya da amacà ½n gerà §ekleà ¾tirilmesi ià §in bir araya gelen insanlarà ½n, gerà §ekleà ¾tirdikleri faaliyetlerinin ussal eà ¾gà ¼dà ¼mà ¼Ã¢â‚¬ , Etzoni (1964) â€Å"belirli amaà §lara ulaà ¾mak ià §in kurulmuà ¾ toplumsal birimler†, Marc ve Simon (1958) ise, â€Å"à ¼yeleri arasà ½nda ilià ¾kiden oluà ¾an toplumsal bir yapà ½Ã¢â‚¬  olarak tanà ½mlamà ½Ãƒ ¾lardà ½r. Genià ¾ anlamà ½yla à ¶rgà ¼t; belirli amaà §lar doà °rultusunda kià ¾ilerin à §abalarà ½nà ½n eà ¾gà ¼dà ¼mlendià °i bir yà ¶netim ià ¾levi; amaà §, insan, teknoloji boyutlarà ½nà ½n etkileà ¾tià °i bir sistem; kià ¾ilià °ini belirleyen ve kendine à ¶zgà ¼ bir kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼ olan; ià ¾leri, mevkileri, à §alà ½Ãƒ ¾anlarà ½ ve aralarà ½ndaki yetki ve iletià ¾im ilià ¾kilerini gà ¶steren bir yapà ½dà ½r. Kà ¼ltà ¼r: Kà ¼ltà ¼r kavramà ½ birà §ok bilimsel araà ¾tà ½rma disiplini ya da uygulama alanà ½nda kullanà ½la gelmektedir. Bu à §ok alanlà ½là ½k kà ¼ltà ¼re pek à §ok farklà ½ yaklaà ¾Ãƒ ½mà ½ ve farklà ½ kà ¼ltà ¼r tanà ½mlarà ½nà ½ da beraberinde getirmektedir. Dolayà ½sà ½yla biyoloji, sosyoloji,tarih, antropoloji, gà ¼zel sanatlar,felsefe vb. konularda ele alà ½nan kà ¼ltà ¼r kavramà ½nà ½ tek bir tanà ½mla belirlemek olanaksà ½z hale gelmektedir. Genel olarak bir à §ok tanà ½mdan ortak bià §imde à §Ãƒ ½karà ½labilecek tanà ½ma gà ¶re kà ¼ltà ¼r, insanlarà ½n dà ¼nyaya bakà ½Ãƒ ¾ aà §Ãƒ ½sà ½nà ½, olaylarà ½ ve bireyleri algà ½lama bià §imlerini belirlemektedir ve aynà ½ topluluà °a ait bireylerce paylaà ¾Ãƒ ½lan, bir nesilden dià °erine geà §en tutum, davranà ½Ãƒ ¾,deà °erlendirme, inanà § ve yaà ¾am bià §imlerini yorumlamayà ½ saà °layan bir olgu olarak tanà ½mlanabilir.

Radio Frequency Barcodes :: Technology Essays

Radio Frequency Barcodes History Traditionally, companies have used standard paper barcodes in conjunction with information databases to track inventory and monitor product movement. By tracking incoming and outgoing product, barcodes form an easy means of maximizing the overall efficiency of a business. Barcodes do however have certain limitations. Barcode scanning is dependent on the orientation of the barcode with the horizontal laser scanner and therefore the overall speed of the process becomes a function of the speed at which the individual can orient and then scan. This minor limitation may be a soon be resolved as Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology maximizes the potential for efficient and quick product management in the form of electronic barcodes. Radio-Frequency Identification is not a new technology but has become realistic through recent advancements. Key Players A small handful of companies inside and outside the United States are developing this new technology. A company called RF-ID.Com specializes in electronic barcodes and transponders for the management of everything from automobiles to cattle, beer kegs, and packages. While another, RF Ideas Inc. has teamed up with such companies as Motorola and Microsoft to manufacture a form of proximity activated identification or AIR ID as a form of added security for Windows NT systems. These companies and others have been testing RF-ID technology throughout Europe for quite some time in product test runs. Technology Different companies offer a variety of products as solutions to different customer needs. "The core of any RF-ID system is the ‘Tag’ or ‘Transponder’ which can be attached to or embedded within objects." (1) RF-ID’s come in all shapes and sizes, from little glass transponder capsules to being placed in between layers of paper or plastic to form inexpensive stickers for disposable use. But all of the Radio-Frequency Identification technology relies on the same principle, wireless communication between a RF-ID or transponder and the RF Module of a reader. "The data collected from an RF-ID can either be sent directly to a host computer through standard interfaces, or it can be stored in a portable reader and later uploaded to the computer for data processing." (1) When a transponder comes within range of a reader it uses energy collected from a RF wave that is stored in a capacitor to broadcast its own answering message which is received by the reader. (1) Many of the new transponders feature read/write updating so that information can be read and uploaded on the fly.

Impacts of Keystone XL Pipeline on Environment

Impacts of Keystone XL Pipeline on EnvironmentIntroductionThe proposed TransCanada Keystone XL Pipeline Project ( KXL ) would slit through the heartland of the United States, from the U.S. Canadian outskirt shut to Morgan, Montana, to Steele City, Nebraska. KXL would consist of approximately 876 stat mis of new, 36 inch distance across grapevine, aboard twenty new pump Stationss. To power these pump Stationss, KXL would bespeak about 2,400 kVs and approximately 378 stat mis of new power lines. In enlargement, a 110 wide development right-of-way is required along the proposed grapevine way. A few fragments will compel â€Å" interim workspace scopes † for exceeding development schemes, for illustration, wetland intersections and even directional drilling wholly, an expected 1,206 subdivisions of land of land perturbation. Further, KXL would necessitate 1,226 subdivisions of land for channel stockpiling finishs, railway turnouts, and builder paces, and more than 500 subdivisions of land for development bivouacing countries. ( SPOT, 2015 ) One of the universe ‘s wealthiest woodlands extends crosswise over northern Alberta, doing the Canadian district place to a unbounded exhibit of relocating winged animate beings, assorted wild life, and the First Nations persons who one time flourished with the venue ‘s common copiousness. In any instance in late decennaries, mining organisations have torn up the country and dirtied its Waterss in a journey to concentrate pitch littorals, which yield an overpowering unprocessed crude oil caught in a mixture of sand and Earth. The fuel is grimy ; the extraction and refinement process is significantly dirtier. It ‘s so vitality escalated, truth be told, that tar littorals oil is barely conservative to convey to market. That is the ground the concern is so pressing to build Keystone XL. The proposed $ 7 billion pitch littorals oil grapevine would run 2,000 stat mis over the American heartland, traversing the state ‘s biggest fresh water aquifer to accomplish the Texas Gulf Coast. There, refineries would manage an awaited 830,000 barrels of grimy unsmooth every twenty-four hours, a big part of them headed for abroad markets, with immaterial consequence on U.S. verve liberty or gas costs. BARACK OBAMA used his veto power for merely three measures in his clip in the Oval Office: non precisely any president in late history. His veto of a measure O.K.ing the Keystone Pipeline yesterday proposes that figure will be lifting rapidly. With Republicans now in control of both houses, Mr Obama will be confronted with significantly more picks like this. The legislative issues is basic: the Republicans need to pin down the president into disregarding nevertheless many celebrated ideas ( or if nil else thoughts that Republicans like ) as could be allowed.Economic ViabilityAngels tout the project as a national employments Godhead. The truth is, Keystone XL would probably butcher a larger figure of businesss than it would include. Agring the State Department, it would do 1,950 development businesss for a long clip. Once finish? Thirty-five new immutable American businesss, as indicated by grapevine maker TransCanada. At the same clip wo n't polish tar littorals oil aid fuel the Unit ed States and decrease gas costs? Reconsider. Tar sands diggers need Keystone XL in visible radiation of the fact that it will assist them transport oil abroad to a planetary concern, where their point will convey more hard currency and include one million millions of dollars in annual benefits. That is a losing agreement for everybody – aside from Large Oil. ( Council, 2015 )Impacts on EnvironmentIn the Biological Assessment, the Department recognizes that KXL ‘s effects on recorded species incorporate expanded human coaction ; environment discontinuity, alteration, and bad luck ; decreased reproducing accomplishment because of disturbance and quiver ; and the devising of obstructors to motion. The most prompt effects would come about because of land exasperation connected with development exercisings. Constructing these 875 stat mis of new grapevine would compel a 110 wide development right-of manner through critical natural life home ground. Further, vehicular action along the grapevine class would increase. In sum, KXL will trouble oneself about 16,300 subdivisions of land. ( Council, 2015 ) Surveies demonstrate that pitch littorals grapevines are more powerless against interruptions than those conveying conventional rough in position of the oil ‘s destructive nature and the chemicals of import to do it gone through the funnels. Regardless of the concern ‘ great well-being instances, we to boot know from late spills and resulting authorities scrutinies that its interruption find models are non really impressive and its spill ordinance and clean-up modus operandis missing. ( D.K. , 2015 ) A grapevine spill would sabotage the country and H2O supply of precisely 110,000 farms and spreads in Montana, South Dakota, and Nebraska that created more than $ 40 billion value of nutriment in 2012. In those three provinces entirely, the grapevine would traverse 1,073 watercourses, lakes, and watercourses, integrating the Yellowstone River in Montana and the Platte River in Nebraska, alongside a immense figure of subdivisions of land of wetlands. It would likewise run inside a stat mi of more than 3,000 Wellss that give imbibing and lacrimation system H2O in those provinces. ( SPOT, 2014 ) Due to its salty creative activity, excavation and refinement pitch sands oil petitions a mammoth step of verve – significantly more than ordinary rough. Cornerstone XL would increase tar sands creative activity, compeling much more verve and doing more outstanding C taint: the similitude Americans driving an impossible 60 billion extra stat mis systematically. NASA research worker James Hansen gauges that the staying pitch littorals shops contain double the step of C taint discharged by the whole world-wide oil industry – in all of world ‘s history. â€Å" In the event that Canada returns and we do n't make anything, † Hansen wrote in a New York Times publication, â€Å" it will be amusement over for the ambiance. † ( SPOT, 2014 ) There are contentions that the grapevine will be a biological calamity to boot exaggerate things. Unquestionably, the extraction of Canadian oil from pitch littorals in Alberta includes echt natural adulteration, and constructing the grapevine will in fact aid to back up this by conveying down the disbursals of transporting such mussy oil. Be that as it may the oil is by and large efficaciously being removed, and rather a spot of it is being taken to market via train. More too bad, trains, non at all similar grapevines, have an disposition sometimes to bust up and split into fires. In 2013, more oil was spilled from rail cars in the United States than in the past four decennaries joined. Without whatever other activity to maintain the abuse of Canadian oil, a grapevine might at any rate better guarantee the extricated oil and the country through which it is transported. ( Publications, 2015 ) At this minute when ambiance activity is more sincere than any other clip in recent memory, piecing this grapevine would be a venture into a past instead than a motion into a clean verve hereafter. Cornerstone XL would talk to a long draw responsibility to the development of hazardous pitch littorals oil when we have to be seting resources into sheltered, renewable wellheads of verve. ( Digest, 2015 ) The whooping Crane is one of America ‘s most noteworthy and jeopardized species ; merely around 214 stayed in the natural state in 2005. The thin, ephemeral winged animal dwells merely in North America and voyages 2,400 stat mis from Texas to focal Canada every twelvemonth. The electrical overseas telegrams for KXL would slit specifically through the whooping Crane ‘s staying 170-mile broad motion passageway, and in Nebraska, about the whole grapevine class will be built inside this passageway. The issue with the project is that it has turned into a political unfavorable judgment. Although it’s non comparable to more built-in issues, for illustration, migration alteration, or making battling the Islamic State, this one is reasonably unsophisticated and the separating lines are clear. Republicans can accordingly use it to carry the president for his collected inability to do employments, without raging anyone or demoing up the clefts in their degage alliance.Plants CitedCouncil, National Resources Defence.Keystone Grapevine. 2015. Article. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nrdc.org/energy/keystone-pipeline/ & gt ; . D.K, The Economist.Keystone xl and president veto. 25 Februaury 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2015/02/keystone-xl-and-presidents-veto & gt ; . Digest, Congressional. â€Å" Environmental Analysis of the Keystone XL Project Potential for Oil Spills From the. †Congressional Digest( 2015 ) . Publications, ACS.Environmental Science and Technology. 2015. pdf. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //pubs.acs.org/doi/ipdf/10.1021/es303238z & gt ; . SPOT, Burd L. & A ; RESTO. â€Å" The Keystone XL Pipeline: Improper Reliance on Weak. †Journal Of Environmental Law And( 2014 ) . Document.

Writing a Thesis Statement for an Academic Paper

Writing a Thesis Statement for an Academic Paper Thesis Statement Help from Professional Writers Writing an academic essay is quite a usual task in high school, college or university. Students are asked to provide research on a topic, share their ideas and points of view in an essay. You should have precise arguments that will underpin your statement and persuade others. The idea you want to communicate is called a thesis statement. Making a good thesis statement might be tough as you have to put all your ideas and demonstrate personal position in one or two sentences. A lot of students face troubles with it while writing a thesis or an essay. The team of is ready to take care of your thesis. Place an order and our writers will do everything that is required. We can not only review your essay but help you write one on any of the following subjects: Math; Literature; Science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Astronomy, etc.); English Grammar; History; Law; Economics; Politics, etc. is a team of professional writers who can easily help you write a thesis statement. They have years of experience in writing and know how to make in powerful, precise, and persuasive. Our professional writers know exactly how to use a thesis statement to make an essay coherent, connecting thoughts into one single unit underpinned by facts and arguments. Students from different countries tend to use our services and ask for thesis statement help. Some of them become our clients and have a chance to enjoy all perks our company can offer. Once you place an order and make a payment, one of the managers will contact you to discuss the details and further steps. Writing a thesis statement seems to be difficult, but our experts are able to help you with that. : We Help Students Whenever you find it hard to write a thesis statement, our skilled writers are here to help you. We hire only native speakers from the USA, who hold a Master’s degree or a PhD in a respective field. Before they are offered a position of the writer, we ask them to pass tests in English grammar and vocabulary. We have to be sure of their professional writing skills. The orders we get are required to be written in academic style and within a stated time frame, so there should be no delays. Apart from writing a thesis statement, our team will help you with the following assignments: Article writing; Book/movie review; Thesis; Dissertation; Essay writing; Creative writing, etc. It is required to provide some personal information while placing an order. Have no worries as all customer’s personal data is kept safe thanks to a great security system. What is more, it is never passed to third parties. We do care about your comfort and confidentiality. The end of term is approaching and you will be loaded with projects or writing assignments that might take a lot of time. It is impossible to cope with everything equally, so you might need help writing a thesis statement or deal with other tasks. In case you have any question in regard to thesis statement writing or you are interested in some other services, it is possible to contact our support team. They are available 24/7 and can answer all your questions. Feel free to use our online services and you will receive the best support from experienced and professional writers. Do not hesitate and prioritize the assignments you have to deal with.

Free Essays on Designing A Government

To form a government from the choices that I have been provided with this would be my chosen government layout. First, I would choose a government that gives elected officials considerable latitude to do what they want or feel is best, without having to worry about public opinion for the first question because we need elected officials with the ability to vote there minds. If the people dictated every issue their views would be constantly changing with the Polls. For the next question I would choose a government where major changes in policy are hard to accomplish and happen rarely because we need time to debate and discuss the issues, an example of not allowing this would be when Hitler was in control of Germany he could make decisions quickly with no debate, and look at the damage that he cause during his reign. For the third question I choose a government that allows minorities to block legislation that they feel is unfair or unjust to them because if a majority rule was in effect then minorities would be persecuted and denied equal rights, an example of this would be the Civil Rights of African Americans in the 50’s and 60’s having to ride on the back of the busses, drinking out of different water fountains, ect... For question four I choose a government that leaves citizens alone to live as they wish, and that goes without saying, Religious Freedom, which we all as citizens of the United States have whether or not we decide to practice religion or even it we choose to have a religion, and that should never be allowed to change. For question five I would choose a government in which power is centralized, to allow for coherent and consistent policy across the entire nation because a central government is critically needed, an example of this type of government not being allowed would have to be the American Civil War which was fought because the South believed in the State’s rights over the National Government. ... Free Essays on Designing A Government Free Essays on Designing A Government To form a government from the choices that I have been provided with this would be my chosen government layout. First, I would choose a government that gives elected officials considerable latitude to do what they want or feel is best, without having to worry about public opinion for the first question because we need elected officials with the ability to vote there minds. If the people dictated every issue their views would be constantly changing with the Polls. For the next question I would choose a government where major changes in policy are hard to accomplish and happen rarely because we need time to debate and discuss the issues, an example of not allowing this would be when Hitler was in control of Germany he could make decisions quickly with no debate, and look at the damage that he cause during his reign. For the third question I choose a government that allows minorities to block legislation that they feel is unfair or unjust to them because if a majority rule was in effect then minorities would be persecuted and denied equal rights, an example of this would be the Civil Rights of African Americans in the 50’s and 60’s having to ride on the back of the busses, drinking out of different water fountains, ect... For question four I choose a government that leaves citizens alone to live as they wish, and that goes without saying, Religious Freedom, which we all as citizens of the United States have whether or not we decide to practice religion or even it we choose to have a religion, and that should never be allowed to change. For question five I would choose a government in which power is centralized, to allow for coherent and consistent policy across the entire nation because a central government is critically needed, an example of this type of government not being allowed would have to be the American Civil War which was fought because the South believed in the State’s rights over the National Government. ...

Holocaust4 essays

Holocaust4 essays Introduction page 1 Concentration Camps pages 2-5 Death Camps page 6 Buchenwald pages 7-11 Conclusion page 12-13 Endnotes pages 14-15 Bibliography horrifying crime against humanity of all times. "Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population. He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme." One of his main methods of "doing away" with these "undesirables" was through the use of concentration camps. "In January 1941, in a meeting with his top officials, the 'final solution' was decided". The Jewish population was to be eliminated. In this paper I will discuss concentration camps with a detailed description of the worst one prior to World War II, concentration camps were set up in 1933. In the early days of Hitler's regime, concentration camps were places that held people in protective custody. Victims for protective custody included those who were either physically or mentally ill, gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi regime. "Gypsies were classified as people with at least two gypsy great grandparents." By the end of 1933 there were at least fifty concentration camps throughout occupied Europe. "At first, the camps were controlled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the SS, Hitler's personal security force, were ordered, by Hitler, to control the camps." Camps were set up for several different purposes. Some for forced labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for death/extermination. Transition camps were set up as holding places for death camps. "Henrick Himmler, chief of the German police, the Gestapo, thought that the camps would provide an economic base for the soldiers." This did not happen. The work force was poorly organized and working conditions were inhumane. Therefore, pr...

Assignmnet on Accounting Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assignmnet on Accounting Budget - Essay Example The institution has 92 branches and also has a representative office on Dubai. The bank was voted four times consecutively for being the best bank in Oman by The Banker and by both EuroMoney and Global Finance Inc. also five times consecutively. Through the strategic planning and budgeting process, Bank Muscat has taken aggressive steps for many years to reduce costs and create more effective and efficient ways of operating, while at the same time preserving and enhancing quality services to its clients. The Bank has specifically shifted resources from administrative functions to support research and service thereby moving the resources to the most promising and effective programs, and eliminating duplication in programs and services. The Bank's current strategic planning process integrates planning, budgeting, and continuous quality improvement and this ensures that the budget allocations will be based on sound and well-thought-out plans. (Lynn, 2004) The bank's objectives are not only to maximise profit but also to meet the needs and wants of the clients within a sustainable financial context. A risk adjusted return on capital growth rate is set by private financial institution sector. All resource allocations of the bank are integrated in the context of competing uses and available gross income. This shows clearly that the bank is projected to have enough potential income to increase reserve as it meet budgeted core commitment and expenses. The Bank's planning council is comprised of the Chief Executive Officer, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operation Officer and all General Managers of various sections with the institution. They review the strategic plans of each financial year and consider requests for resources from the Board of Directors and later on recommend funding levels. The strategic plan starts from the bottom whereby each section within the institution develops its own strategic plans. They review their services taking into account clients' interest, societal and commonwealth needs, developments in the field of banking and the sections' expertise. Strong programs and services that are central to the bank's mission are recommended for enhancement. Unpopular services are identified to determine if they should be continued, merged with other services or eliminated. The goals of the Bank's-wide strategic plan is complemented and supported by each unit's strategic plan. There are usually annual updates that are prepared to measure the progress and refine goals. (Lerner and Cashin, 2001) Due to scarce resources, BankMuscat turned to internal budget reductions and allocations to fund strategic priorities and critical operating needs. A deliberate process of budget recycling and reallocation was incorporated into the strategic planning process. Since then, the Bank's budget priorities have been to reallocate funds from administrative and support core mission activities of delivering qualities and efficient services to their clients. 2 BankMuscat being a banking institution, its main objectives is to offer

Health and Social Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health and Social Care - Essay Example Stroke is generally caused by irregular lifestyle involving physiologically affecting habits like smoking, drinking, and too much fat in diet. Other causes of a stroke include excessive exercise, shock or stress. Hypertension is the phenomenon of increased blood pressure in the arteries, which in turn increases tension in respective organs and can have very drastic impact on the brain. Many cases of blood vessel damage result from hypertension, some of which happen in the brain causing a stroke. Common causes of hypertension are blockages in blood vessels, excessive fat intake, high cholesterol, stress, lifestyle, medication, unregulated food habits, and excessive exercise. People suffer in from hypertension experience short breaths, organ swelling, fluid accumulation, and muscle dystrophy. Such patients are prone to heart attacks and need to be kept under regular medication till the condition subsides. Treatment for both the physiological disorders involves the use of anti-coagulants to increase blood flow. Physiological changes observed during treatment include reduction (normalization) in blood pressure, smoother flow of blood in the brain, greater healing in blocked areas. However, serious cases of blockage cannot be treated through medication and may require surgical removal of the blockage. When treatment is applied on a patient suffering from hypertension, he experiences calming of senses, lighter body weight, reduced giddiness and exhibits clear speech. When administered the right treatment, a patient suffering from a stroke regains consciousness, shows reduced eye dilation, clear speech, ability to move limbs, ability to walk steadily and normal skin and lip color. Patients suffering from stroke tend to show signs like slurring of speech, tongue moving to one end of the mouth, partial paralysis, asphyxiation,

Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions - Essay Example Natural disasters have blanketed the world in the recent years. Every year, many areas are flooded with water which is a potential threat to the life of animals and humans. Many people lose their lives in tsunamis. Glaciers that are melting away are depriving many animal species of their habitat. Glaciers are the primary source of food and shelter for polar bears. The rate at which glaciers are melting away presently will soon make the polar bears extinct from Earth completely. Also, thousands of cattle are drowned in floods whenever they occur. In addition to that, many people die of severe heat in the summer season every year because every summer season is getting much hotter than the preceding one. Air pollution has made people acquire many diseases. Thus, global warming is a big threat to life on Earth in many ways. Increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is the fundamental cause of global warming. CO2 is the fundamental greenhouse gas that causes the temperature to rise. In order to reduce the global warming, it is imperative that level of CO2 emissions is reduced. Two-thirds of the total electricity in the world is produced from fossil fuels which, along with doing this job, make one-third of the total CO2 emission in the world. Along with CO2, many other greenhouse gases are also produced from the fossil fuels that include but are not limited to methane and CO. Nature has blessed us with trees that consume CO2 to produce oxygen, but the sad part of the story is that trees are also decreasing in number with every passing day as more products are being made of wood. It takes much more time for a tree to grow than the rate at which they are being cut. As a result of this, the fundamental source of consumption of CO2 and reduction of its level in the atmosphere is readily vanishing. Thus, the level of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing. Owing to the dreadful consequences of the increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere as dis cussed above, there is dire need to reduce its level. In order to make the world a habitable place for the future generations, measures need to be taken before it is too late. This can fundamentally be achieved by reducing the emission of CO2 which requires a combined effort from all countries. Technologies to reduce CO2 emissions: In order to reduce the CO2 emissions in the atmosphere, the first and foremost step that needs to be taken is the introduction of renewable energy in the transport sector. There is dire need to integrate the transport sector into the energy system in order to obtain maximum effect. CO2 emissions can be reduced in a lot of ways by controlling the transportation on land, sea and air. With every passing day, more and more cars are crowding the streets all over the world. The cars can be made quite fuel efficient in the least time. In order to solve the global energy system, the electric cars can be charged with the help of wind turbines. This would be a long term solution of the problem. Hydrogen can be used in place of fuel to drive the electric cars. Another way to reduce the CO2 emissions is by way of road charges. There is need to determine alternatives to the conventional sources of fuel so as to minimize the effect of supply shortages on the transport activities. Diesel engines have conventionally been made use of for the transportation on highways, though they release a lot of CO2 into the atmosphere. It

Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Governance - Essay Example According to laws and theory, the board of directors working in any nonprofit organization are in charge and responsible for the accountability of the organization’s policies. The individuals working in a nonprofit organization are motivated by the fact that they serve the members of the community. They feel satisfied for serving the community although they may not get as much compensation as the members of other profit organizations. IRS believes that the better the governance of the tax exempted firms the more their compliance will be increased (Schuster, 2011). The IRS has been interested in finding that how non-profit organizations (tax exempted) govern themselves. The theory behind the governance is that well governed organizations often comply with the tax laws, safeguard their assets and smoothly carry forward their charitable mission than the organizations with law control. In 2007, Good governance practiced for 501 (c) (3) was published by IRS which consisted of guide lines for the non-profit organization on how they may increase their accountability, their transparency policies, achieve regulatory compliance and can carry on with their status of tax exemption. IRS released several different materials regarding the topic of governance. Recently IRS is conducting a training session for the IRS personnel who are working in non-profit organizations (Nonprofit Governance and the IRS, 2010). The role of board members in non-profit organizations has been important. To meet the needs of the society and to work within the limited resources the board members must work towards strategies and leadership whose main focus is financial sustainability in the organization. It must be a difficult task for the board members to bring their organization to the speed of the current governance practices (Boards and Governance, 2013). The United States congress and IRS have shown interest in the regulation of the non-profit organizations. The IRS suggests that the acti vities of the tax exempted organizations must be in accordance with its tax exempted purpose. The board of directors of such organizations must be in charge of monitoring that whether or not the organization is working in accordance with the policies and purpose of its establishment. The statement written by the non-profit organization in its application for tax exemption must be clear. The board of director must act within their full capacity for achieving the goals of the tax exempting organizations. Any conflict that may prevail in the organization must be addressed by the board of directors. The boards of directors are the most valuable sources of the tax exempted organization according to the IRS. The policies of the tax exempted organization must be transparent so that it must be held accountable for its actions. The filing of the tax exempted organization with the IRS must be correct and accurate. There must be transparency in their mission of establishment. Certain filings o f the tax exempted organization must be stated on their official website for the purpose of review by the general public. IRS has shown interest in paying closer attention to the fund raising activities of the tax exempting organization. IRS has allocated the duty of the board of directors to regularly monitor all the fund raising

Social Policy With Reference to Social Security Essay

Social Policy With Reference to Social Security - Essay Example It had been an intense and traumatic time for the entire nation but also a realization that misfortune and tragedy were not restricted to the disadvantage alone. The task f re-building the state needed to take place at every level, as well as the re-building f lives: This led to a great expansion in the role f Government in society. Historically British social policy had been dominated by the Poor Laws. But now there was widespread support for reform and expansion f the welfare system. Development f such reforms would owe much to Fabianist beliefs and the Beveridge Report 1942. William Beveridge was appointed by the wartime Government to review Social Security Policy. His report concluded that the state should meet collective welfare needs and provide positive freedom to individuals by removing the Five Giant Evils. In 1945 Labour began addressing Beveridge's evil through state action introduced reforms: Claiming: 'Our policy was not f reformed capitalism, but progress towards a demo cratic socialism...the war had shown how much could be accomplished when public advantage was put before private vested interest. If that was right in wartime, it was right in peacetime' (Jones, 1991 p.117). To describe the social policy reforms, press at the time coined the phrase 'from the cradle to the grave'. Alcock describes the social policy proposals as: 'The social policy response to the depravation f depression' (Alcock, 2003 p.220). Prior to the NHS, health care was not a luxury everybody could afford. Access to a doctor was free to workers but this did not cover their families. Poor people often went without medical treatment, relying on home remedies or on the charity f a doctor. For the Government to fund the NHS and other evils economic growth and full employment were essential. Maynard Keynes advised the government to spend its way out f a recession by lowering taxes and investing more in projects and programmes. The government began to use Keynes theory f demand mana gement and in 1946 Minister Aneurin Bevan navigated proposals for the NHS passed two years earlier through parliament.  Ã‚  

Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Governance - Essay Example According to laws and theory, the board of directors working in any nonprofit organization are in charge and responsible for the accountability of the organization’s policies. The individuals working in a nonprofit organization are motivated by the fact that they serve the members of the community. They feel satisfied for serving the community although they may not get as much compensation as the members of other profit organizations. IRS believes that the better the governance of the tax exempted firms the more their compliance will be increased (Schuster, 2011). The IRS has been interested in finding that how non-profit organizations (tax exempted) govern themselves. The theory behind the governance is that well governed organizations often comply with the tax laws, safeguard their assets and smoothly carry forward their charitable mission than the organizations with law control. In 2007, Good governance practiced for 501 (c) (3) was published by IRS which consisted of guide lines for the non-profit organization on how they may increase their accountability, their transparency policies, achieve regulatory compliance and can carry on with their status of tax exemption. IRS released several different materials regarding the topic of governance. Recently IRS is conducting a training session for the IRS personnel who are working in non-profit organizations (Nonprofit Governance and the IRS, 2010). The role of board members in non-profit organizations has been important. To meet the needs of the society and to work within the limited resources the board members must work towards strategies and leadership whose main focus is financial sustainability in the organization. It must be a difficult task for the board members to bring their organization to the speed of the current governance practices (Boards and Governance, 2013). The United States congress and IRS have shown interest in the regulation of the non-profit organizations. The IRS suggests that the acti vities of the tax exempted organizations must be in accordance with its tax exempted purpose. The board of directors of such organizations must be in charge of monitoring that whether or not the organization is working in accordance with the policies and purpose of its establishment. The statement written by the non-profit organization in its application for tax exemption must be clear. The board of director must act within their full capacity for achieving the goals of the tax exempting organizations. Any conflict that may prevail in the organization must be addressed by the board of directors. The boards of directors are the most valuable sources of the tax exempted organization according to the IRS. The policies of the tax exempted organization must be transparent so that it must be held accountable for its actions. The filing of the tax exempted organization with the IRS must be correct and accurate. There must be transparency in their mission of establishment. Certain filings o f the tax exempted organization must be stated on their official website for the purpose of review by the general public. IRS has shown interest in paying closer attention to the fund raising activities of the tax exempting organization. IRS has allocated the duty of the board of directors to regularly monitor all the fund raising

Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility and being Essay

Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility and being ethical are essential ingredients for a business to be succes - Essay Example These businesses were in evaluation on expertise, power, healthcare and aerospace and protecting against industries. Sample outcomes displayed that European businesses are displaying larger firm promise to business communal blame as Australia companies. Nevertheless, Australia businesses are more dedicated to enterprise ethics has a structure and governance programs in place. Enron and the Sarbanes-Oxley have directed to ethics and governance of American businesses for the rush in latest years (Zadek 2008). Despite all the efforts of the European CSR from 1999 onwards, an expanding number of Europeans, the pace of persons, and those Australia businesses are underneath mean in the workout of their responsibilities in the direction of society. Recent business scandals in Europe and the United States will probable have a contradictory influence on buyer insights of Australia and European businesses in key markets. In supplement, an increasing number of Europeans and Americans to grade b usinesses in other adversities in fulfilling their responsibilities to humanity, possibly mirroring the political and financial stress between the Australia and European Union. ... ereas course, Parmalat, the Italian dairy anxiety whose proprietors have "defrauded investors, encompassing $ 1.5 billion more dollars from Australia investors (Cowan, 2004). So two years before, Europeans have contended that Enron proved the superiority of European enterprise heritage, is now broadly identified that deception in detail, can occur anywhere. But while the structure of European enterprise is altering - going not only with consider to local integration, and to clear the American perform, as the capital of the economic market as well numerous Europeans are still slow to get necessary alterations in how enterprise is regulated (Voien 2000). After Parmalat, the European administration eventually realize that they should proceed in the direction of implementation means need a higher more open finances and American business. Analysis Since 1970, the Company has directed enterprise ethics in diverse modes, encompassing the establishment of befitting programs and managers, in supplement to the Council at the grade of ethics managing assemblies, ciphers of perform groundwork and distribution of standards?statements, business communal blame of chartering managers and teaching programs of all kinds. As happenings of latest years in the Australia and Europe have shown that these efforts, regrettably, has not stopped the Australia and European businesses to enlist in unethical behaviours that lead to larger financial scandals (Bradshaw & Vogal 2001). The outcome is expanded force on Australia and European businesses and authorities to supply more organized governance and ethics programs to double-check that enterprises are more accountable to the humanity in which they operate (Amber & Wilson 2005). Examples of dubious demeanour extends for some workers and managers

Resolving international disputes Essay Example for Free

Resolving international disputes Essay Differences that you should be aware of Property Law Sources of law and method of judicial reasoning Property Law Civil Law You are either the absolute owner, or you are not. 3 components of absolute ownership usus (latin term) i.e. use Right of use fructus ie. enjoyment of revenues Right to enjoy revenues abusus ie disposal Right to dispose of that thing dismemberment This does not mean that the absolute owner cannot give away certain rights of the property, as long as the rights transfer back to the owner E. g. usifruct farmer has a large piece of land and son wants to get married and have family. Farmer is not willing to divide up the farm, but offers him a part of the farm where he lets him build a house and farm on it, but after 20/30/40 years the land goes back to the father Lease if you lease an apartment from the owner of a building, or a piece of land to farm on, etc you get the right to use it in consideration of rent. In this sense, the owner is giving away one right (the right to use the property) as long as at the end they get the right of use back. Common Law Theory no absolute ownership of land King gives a portion of the country to the Earls. In common law, there is a difference between ownership and possession. The Earls possess it, they are holding the land for him. The Earls will provide him every year with something in return (e.g. bushels of corn, men for war, etc). Earl gives a portion of that land to the Dukes, and asks that they hold it for them, in exchange for bushels, men etc. Dukes to the Lords, all the way to the peasant/farmer. When the farmer died, he was not able to give it to his children it would go to the lord, etc up the chain and that person would redelegate it. Known as the feudal system. Leasehold is when you hold it for a limited period of time. A freehold is where you hold the land forever, and you can sell the land, leave the land to your children. The only way it reverts back to the king is if someone dies without leaving any heirs, which means it goes up the chain of ownership. 2 types of ownership Real Beneficial Origin and Concept of Trust William the Conqueror said I am Law, but there were problems with this as the king could not see every subject. Eventually, he became busy with other things (wars, etc) therefore he set up a system of courts. They did not have to see everybody, unless they issue a writ. System of writs a court order telling someone that someone complained about you therefore you have to show up at court on x  day. You only had a writ for certain problems. Trespass (tort) When someone caused you or your property personal injury Habeas corpus (produce the body) When someone grabbed a relative of yours and wrongly imprisoned them. This came about because of the idea of Where there is a remedy (ie. a writ) there is a right, but if you did not have a writ to cover a specific problem, then you did not have access to the courts lead to a parallel system of justice called Equity lead to new legal concepts such as the TRUST Trust you are too rich and do not want to be taxed. Therefore, you give some wealth to the friend who is going to hold it for you until the children are of age and you have died. The problem arises when the friend does not give it back. They have no writ therefore cannot take it back through court. When the friend goes to court, they argue that the land was given on a condition of trust (the friend was trusted by the father to give the property back). In addition to the possibility of someone being the absolute owner, they can also be the owner subject of a trust. Trust difficult to define, Underhill gave one of the best definitions under 5 parts An 1 equitable obligation, 2 binding a person (trustee), 3 to deal with property over which he has control (trust property), 4 for the benefit of persons (beneficiaries), of whom he (the trustee) may be one, 5 any one of whom may enforce the obligation Equitable obligation obligation created under the law of equity which was established by the courts of equity Who has the obligation The trustee What is the obligation To deal with the trust property over which he has control For what purpose For the benefit of the beneficiaries What is the consequence if the trustee does not deal with the property The Trustee can be sued by any one of the beneficiaries How a trust works There are 2 ways to set up a trust The settler gives trust property to one or more trustees for the benefit of one or more beneficiaries (essentially a gift) Can be through a will or agreement (intervivos trust) involving the settler or the trustee By way of declaration of trust a person simply declares that he is hold ing certain property in trust E.g. someone wants to set up a business, but does not want it known that they are the shareholders. Therefore, someone else holds that position, but signs a contract that states that all income goes to them, and they will exercise the wishes of the settler. Examples of trusts wills, Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT), endowments You may set up a family trust for tax planning  purposes. You can spread your income across the beneficiaries of that trust. Shareholder agreements, where sometimes money is put into a trust. There are wide personal business and tax-planning purposes to trust. differences between civil law and common law ownership In Common Law, a property can have two owners. The real owner (whose name appears as the owner) or the beneficiary owner In civil Law, you are the owner, or you are not. Only one type of ownership. 2 Sources of law and method of judicial reasoning both systems have 3 sources Judicial Precedent ie. Court decisions Legislation Doctrine ie. scholarly writings articles or books that are written to explain the law, and very often to criticize it th e difference between the two systems is the weight and importance of each source Common Law JUDICIAL PRECEDENT (most important) Court Structure Supreme Court Court of Appeal Trial Court Each court is bound by its earlier decisions. Trial Court is bound by its earlier decisions unless overturned by the Court of Appeal, same thing for Court of Appeal with Supreme Court, etc (stare decisis stand by the past). The Supreme Court is also bound by its own precedents The Supreme Court has overturned its own precedents, such as the decision that people cannot be segregated but equal, as in the case with discrimination. Principal known as stare decisis stand by the past Abortion example of Row vs Wade (or something like that) How do you know when a judgement is a precedent To know that, you have to analyse the precedent Conditions for decision to be binding Decisions divided into two parts Ratio decidendi the reason for the decision for arriving at the decision (only this is the precedent) Obiter dictum other reasons that the judge has for coming to his/her conclusions It is often not clear which is the obiter dictum and which is the ratio decidendi. The facts have to be almost identical. What happens when they find a precedent they do not like They could try and find differences between the case then and now. What then happens is that if the judges can distinguish between it, they make judge-made law, which is an area of contestation and disagreement. Judges are not supposed to make the law. Legislation In the common law system, legislation is not as important as judicial precedent. If a court interprets a law in a manner in which the parliament doesnt like, parliament can pass a law countermanding that. Catch ( legislation is subject to judicial interpretation, and this means that the rules regarding stare decisis apply to interpretation. Therefore, when you  are looking in the common law system, and you are wondering what does this legislation mean, you look at any court judgements/precedents in order to understand its meaning and application. Additionally, from a business point of view, there is very little legislation on very important aspects of business law. (e.g. you find it on leases, contracts of sale, etc but other types of contracts such as agency, etc there is no legislation, and therefore strictly jurisprudence applies. Additionally, to a large extent there is no legislation regarding torts As a source of law, it can supersede jurisprudence, but does not feature as much. Doctrine Scolarly writings For historical reasons, doctrine is less important and less abundant than it is in the civil law system. They try to summarise the law and put it in a rational form. CIVIL LAW Judicial Precedent (Jurisprudence) Not as important as in common law because a) There is no concept of stare decisis (Courts are not formally bound by higher courts, they just carry more weight. Another level can just choose to overrule) (2) Legislation Originally, the first code of laws that was developed in the western world was developed by the Roman Empire. This was different for a huge number of places because it covered such a wide expanse. When Napoleon ruled, there were even differences within France itself He created a different set for France and the rest of the Empire, The Law of Paris, and codified it into one document, and in 1804 it became law. It dealt with things such as family law, property law, contract law, civil liability, etc A code does the following in regards to each area that it deals with, it sets out general broad principles then sets out certain principles within. They are so broad that it covers the subject matter. For example, in civil law under Quebec, civil liability is anyone that is capable, is liable for any damage he/she causes through a wrongful act to a third party. Once you have this principle you have rules of application (e.g. what is the liability of parents if their children does wrong) (3) Doctrine Doctrine is much more important than in the Common Law system. Before, in Common Law system, if you wanted to become a lawyer you didnt have to go to school, just work with lawyers and read books. Example Abraham Lincoln never went to school he studied on his own and ended up becoming a lawyer with the help of those he worked with. Ended up becoming one of the most renowned layers in the USA before h e went into politics. Difference between the two Civil law ( would read Justinian coda and make  annotations and commentaries and some would start publishing codes. When Napoleon made some laws, books came out analysing the books and laws. Judges read the laws and doctrines as a basis for their judgements (today there is more doctrine in the Civil Law system than common law) Common ( Lets see what the judgment says Civil ( lets see what the doctrine says LEGAL SYSTEMS SPREAD BY COLONIZATION AND CONQUEST Common Law Includes India, England, USA Why common law is different around the world English Common law applied to the Colonies, so far as it was adapted by its institutions and circumstances. This means that you apply the English Common Law as far as needed, then you apply a chain of precedents As colonies gained independence, they established a cut-off date after which British precedence would not apply to them Over time, jurisdictions formed their own supreme Courts under their own state of appeal. After a certain date, Canada said that their Supreme Court judgements were right, and people could not go to the British House of Lords for an over ruling, and this happened everywhere. Civil Law Formed out of Spain and all of her colonies, Germany, Italy, Portugal and its colony Brazil, and each country has its own civil code. The rules in France are not the same as the rules set out in Quebec, however the sources, the role, all of that is similar. Quebec Situation Was both a French and British colony. The French King was given a choice keep Quebec, or keep the islands of St Pierre and Miquelon. He decided to keep the islands. In 1774, the Quebec Act was adopted by parliament. In 1774, the 13 colonies started to push for independence. They adopted the Quebec Act, which was intended to protect the religion, language and culture. It created a hybrid system of Common Law and Civil Law. It said that local Quebec Law (Civil Law) will govern property, contracts, family law, civil liability. Basically, in Quebec, what was used was old Roman law and the custom of Paris. Under the Quebec system, the court system became a British system. The result was that Common Law heavily influenced civil law. July 1866, the Civil Court of Law in Canada codified the Civil Law in Quebec (like Napoleon and France). Much of the Civil Code of Canada was taken by the Napoleonic Code. Unlike what you would call the traditional Civil Law System, stare decisis was used in Quebec. If you read a judgement from a Court of Quebec and one outside Quebec, you would question whether it is not a Common Law system. This is because they are a Civil Law system, but they reason  similarly to the Common Law system.

Distribution And Abundance Of Marine Invertebrates Biology Essay

Distribution And Abundance Of Marine Invertebrates Biology Essay Many marine invertebrates of diverse and varied phyla, have a common reproductive strategy that involves a multi-phase life cycle that occupies two dramatically different environmental habitats. The separate mobile pelagic larval phase and the predominantly sedentary or sessile bottom dwelling phase is linked by a settlement event. Larval forms are usually very different from adult forms. Reproduction involves the eggs and sperm and/ or larvae being released in generally very large numbers into the water column. Here, most of the pelagic larvae are potentially capable of dispersing long distances from parental populations. They develop and grow for a certain period of time before metamorphosing into adults. During their time in the water column, the larvae feed on phytoplankton and small zooplankton, including other larvae. Their small size and abundance also make them susceptible to predation by other larger marine creatures. Their huge numbers probably increase their chances of sur vival. Overall the probability of successful recruitment is low. It used to be thought that this strategy represented an open system where chance settling out of larvae led to distribution and abundance of benthic phase adults governed mainly by post-recruitment effects (Thorson,1950, Caley,1960) Several recent studies on the dispersing larval phase of marine invertebrate life cycles suggest that patterns of larval supply are not the only factor influencing invertebrate population dynamics. It is now thought that the larvae themselves can influence their probability of success. Larval behaviours are responses to two challenges predator evasion and selection of a suitable settlement site. Supply side ecology ( Lewin. 1986) emphasizes the role of recruitment in limiting adult populations and structuring benthic communities. At the end of the dispersal phase, the abundance of larvae at settlement can be highly variable, both spatially and temporally. Variation in settlement can be caus ed by larval mortality and predation rates, transport mechanisms and larval behaviours. Moreover, coupling of larval supply with adult abundance seems also to effect distribution (Hughes et al 2000) The extent to which local larval recruitment depends on production by local adults is not clear and the extent of relative openness of marine benthic invertebrate populations is uncertain.(Strathmann et al, 2002, Swearer et al 2002) However, there seems to be significant planktonic processes in the pre-settlement stage that that influence population dynamics of settlement, recruitment and subsequent adult populations. Habitat selection by planktonic larvae can overcome patterns predicted by patterns of larval supply (Jenkins, 2005). Factors influencing distribution and abundance of species Biotic and abiotic interactions and dynamics within each phase of the life cycle have the potential to influence the distribution and abundance of the adult populations. Adult populations have specific environmental requirements and occupy habitats with particular constraints. These may be physical characteristics such as tidal gradient, exposure, rugosity, habitat complexity, depth. salinity and temperature gradients.There are also biotic factors. A readily available food supply is fundamental but distribution is also influenced by competition and predation. The need for reproduction and dispersal often favours clustering or at least close proximity of adults to ensure fertilization. Dispersal and recruitment of the larval stage ensures the continuance of the species but the role of the planktonic larval stage in invertebrate population dynamics is not yet fully understood. Differences in recruitment vary both both temporally and spatially but the extent that this effect has on adul t abundance and distribution is still a matter of debate (Jenkins, 2005, Pawlik, 1968, Hughes et al, Grosberg and Levitan. 1992 and others). The influences of post settlement density related processes of predation and competition have to be considered in relation to influences effecting the larval stages of the invertebrate. Reproductive strategies influencing dispersal and recruitment A multi-phase life cycle is a reproductive strategy that can offer several advantages for benthic dwelling invertebrates especially those with sessile adult phases such as barnacles and tunicates or sedentary adult phases, such as mussels and crabs. The evolution of a larval stage allows adults with limited movement to disperse their young into new territories. The ability to disperse is an important adaptations of benthic marine invertebrates. The length of time the larvae spend in the water column can be hours days weeks or months depending on the species. Lecithotropic larvae are provided with a source of nutrition to use during their dispersal, usually in the form of a yolk sac, although some lecithotrophic larva can feed many, such as tunicatesare will not, and have to settle before their food source runs out. As a result, these species have short pelagic larval stages and generally do not disperse long distances.(Pawlik, 1986, Pawlik 1992) Planktotrophic development is the most common type of larval development, especially among benthic invertebrates. Many species have relatively long pelagic larval durations. During this time in the water column larvae feed and grow, and many species move through several stages of development. Barnacles, for example, undergo six moults before becoming a ciprid at which stage the stage they search for an appropriate substrate. to settle on (Molenock and Gomez, 1972). This strategy produces the potential of long distances dispersal and colonization of new territorys it also enables species to move away from any habitat that has become non-viable or overcrowded. Larval dispersal, or advection away from the spawning site may decrease competition between the different life stages as larvae use a different food source from the adults. Moreover, filter-feeding adults such as barnacles, are less likely to imbibe their own offspring and other benthic predators are also avoided. A pelagic larval phase that has a long duration is a strategy that could help some species break there parasite cycles. Settlement and recruitment are the initial processes in determining adult population structures. The term settlement is used to describe the transition from a pelagic to a benthic way of life. This is the process where the larvae descend from the water column and take up a permanent abode on the sea bed. Metamorphic changes allow the larvae to acquire the features suitable for their new benthic life style. The settlement process starts with the onset of behaviour patterns associated with a phase of searching for suitable substratum, In the case of sessile invertebrates, this is succeeded by the initiation of permanent attachment to the substratum. This triggers morphogenic changes which culminate in metamorphosis into the juvenile form. Recruitment is generally a reference to newly settled individuals that have survived to a specified size after their settlement (Keough Downes 1982). Variability in recruitment to adult populations is a significant dynamic in the dispersal and abundance of marine invertebrates. The analysis of mechanisms which control settlement and recruitment and of the conditions under which recruitment variation affects adult distribution and abundance is complex but fundamental to understanding population and community variability. Supply side ecology Supply-side ecology is a term coined by Lewin (1986). This way of looking at population dynamics incorporates the potential role that variable larval input and variable recruitment plays in determining the size of local adult populations, Caley et al. 1996, Hughes 1984, 1990, Hughes et al. 2000, Gaines and Roughgarden 1985, Roughgarden et al. 1985) Larval. supply is influenced both by transport mechanisms and larval behaviours. Variation in settlement potential can impact on the distribution and abundance of adult invertebrate populations. Influence of larval supply (or successful recruitment) on population or community structure and its importance relative to other factors. The abundance of larvae in the water column affects the temporal variability of settlement. Post-settlement mortalities can be potentially replaced by new settlement from a plentiful larva supply where benthic mortality is caused by density independent factors (Karlson and Levitan, 1990). Variability in larval supply can be associated with reproductive cycles of adult individuals (Roughgarden et al 1991). Pelagic larval forms are very susceptible to predation by various other marine animals. Rates of larval mortality can affect larval supply for settlement and recruitment. Mortality levels can be reduced by larval behaviour strategies aimed at predator avoidance . This is particularly significant in estuaries which often serve as nursery areas for fish and as a consequence are generally more abundant in predators (Dibacco et al 2001). Avoidance behaviour takes place on both small and large scales. Some larvae avoid predation at a small scale by sinking down the water column when thr eatened by a predator (Zaret and Suffern, 1976). More commonly a general large scale predator avoidance strategy used by many larvae is that of becoming nocturnally active. This limits fish predation as most fishes need light to find and hunt their prey. During the day the larvae are inactive and in shallow waters they remain hidden. Many invertebrate larvae may avoid predators by leaving the immediate coastal zone and developing in the open sea where their are fewer predators. In the open sea, in common with other planktonic species, invertebrate larvae can significantly reduce their risk of predation through diel vertical migrations (Marta-Almeida M, et al 2006) During the day they sink down to in the water colem were there is less light and fewer predators and come up to shallow waters where they feed at night on food such as micro-algae which are abundant in the photic zone. Variable predation at different depths may affect spatial variation of larvae within the water column. Va rying mortality can be caused by retention in the water column for too long. The highest mortality in marine populations occurs during the larval stages, so mortality plays a significant though largely unquantified role in larval dispersal. Abiotic effects such as wind patterns (Mc Quaid Phillips, 2000) currents and other hydrographic factors (Gaines et al 1985, Pineda, 2007) can directly influence larval distribution and supply. as a means of larval transport Larval behaviours responding to local hydrographic features (Jackson 1986) can indirectly influence supply. Larval behaviours by positioning themselves strategically in the water column can utilise or avoid tidal flows or currents. (Gaines et al. 1985, Forward, R.B. Jr, and R.A. Tankersley 2001) This may be important in returning to find the restrictive habitat requirements needed for adult populations. Larvae are capable of. highly discriminative behaviours ,particularly on small scales where larval behaviour can be an important determinant not just of larval distribution and abundance but their behaviour patterns may also influence the subsequent adult distribution and abundance through local variations in settlement and / or recruitment. Although some larvae can extend their survival for a short time if they do not find a suitable place to settle (Gimenez, 2004), their life span as a larva is finite and survival depends ultimately on successful settlement and recruitment. Delay can influence post metamorphic effects and ultimate success. Larvae that have spent too long in the water column may settle and recruit juveniles that have less chance of survival to adults. In this way the influence of the larval stage has bearing on the subsequent adult population. Successful recruitment involves the selection of and often the attatchment to a suitable substrate and subsequent metamorphoses. There are many dangers at this stage. Larvae of shore dwelling species need to avoid becoming stranded by the tide and becoming desiccated. They must find a settlement site at an appropriate tidal height for the requirements of the adult phase and avoid competition. This is a limiting factor for sessile invertebrates space as the larvae need to find space on the habitat where they can settle as well as avoiding predation from adult filter feeders. Overcoming these problems depends on larval behaviours and responses to chemical cues and physical cues such as geo taxis and/or photo taxis. Different species have different triggers (Morse, 1991, Gebauer et al 2004). The interaction of physical processes and biological reactions to chemical cues. are particularly significant on small spacial scales. These interactions represent active selection of micro-sites an d effect both the settlement processes and the abundance of settlement. Chemical cues can be from conspecific individuals (Crisp and Meadows, 1962, Kingsford et al 2002, Pawlick 1986) microbial films (Rodrigues et al.1992) and prey species. Many herbivorous species are induced to settle by presence of crustose algae on which they feed eg abalone (Morse1990 and limpets (Steneck,1982) Barnacle larvae at settlement are influenced by the speed of water flow, contours of the sub-stratum. and increases in light levels (Crisp, 1976). It is thought that some recruitment may take the form of short and episodic pulses (Levin 2006). Recruitment windows, (Pineda,2007) where settlement events take place simultaneously in large numbers, sometimes over wide areas have been identified for some species such as corals, but mechanisms and interactions at work are not understood fully. In open systems like these, degradation of breeding stocks could result in a reduced recruitment to a wider areas.(Hughes et al 2000). Variation in dispersal and the processes and patterns of demographic connections work together to influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Variation in recruitment can also effect the potential survival of the recruits to form adult populations, as numbers of recruits can potentially effect the extent of subsequent biological inter-actions such as predation.(Fairweather, 1988). In this way post-settlement effects can be influenced both by patterns of settlement and environmental factors. Conclusion Understanding the population dynamics of marine invertebrates requires the consideration of the interplay of all stages of the invertebrate life cycle with its environment not only those affecting the adult forms. Larval abundance, mortality, transport mechanisms and behavior before and during settlement are all significant variables that can effect adult populations. The role that multiphase life cycles and their complex inter-relationship with marine ecosystems play in determining population abundance and distribution is not clear. The larval stage of invertebrates has for many years been a largely unknown quantity, but knowledge about the role of larval behaviors is growing. In order to understand the processes by which larvae are dispersed in the water column and to assess recruitment potential, new chemical methods of identifying larval species with similar morphologies using an environmental sampling processor may make it easier to detect, identify and quantify different larval species in situ in the marine environment (Jones et al 2008) Where different behavioural patterns between species evade or take advantage of the general effects of physical oceanographic conditions such as currents or temperature variations, detection, analyses and quantification may further the understaning of the influence this may have on the complexities of settlement and recruitment and their subsequent effects on population abundances and distribution..

The Bush Stimulus Package :: Essays Papers

The Bush Stimulus Package President Bush has just unveiled his new $674 billion economic stimulus package. The Democrats, although they have little chance of getting it passed in the GOP-controlled Senate, have countered with a plan of their own, with a much lower tab of $136 billion. The centerpiece of the Bush plan is arguably the elimination of the tax on dividends paid by shareholders, which makes up a hefty $364 billion of the entire sum. The reasoning is that it is unfair to tax corporate earnings once and then again tax them when they are paid out as dividends to shareholders. However, the president’s logic is faulty in that there are many instances of so-called double taxation in our society. For example, when one earns a dollar as part of one’s income, it is taxed and then it is taxed again in the form of sales tax when the dollar is spent. Another criticism lodged at the White House is that the repeal of the dividends tax benefits the wealthy in a disproportionate manner. Democrats charge that the wealthiest one percent of Americans would stand to gain over forty percent of the benefits. This is partly due to the fact that the wealthiest generally receive the greatest percentage of their income from dividends. Analysts say Mr. Bush is trying to appeal to the new â€Å"investor class†, which now includes the majority of Americans. Interestingly enough, senior citizens and retirees comprise a significant portion of stockholders who collect on dividends. That is what allows George W. Bush to claim that repeal of dividends tax is designed to benefit seniors, when wealthy investors will reap the most reward. The purpose, in theory at least, of ending double taxation is to put more money in the hands of investors, and to encourage more Americans to invest in the ailing stock market, which is now near an all-time low. Another beneficial effect will be to encourage large corporations to pay dividends, thus giving more money to Americans. If this money goes towards consumption and private and capital investment, the economy will inevitably get a much-needed boost, since GDP=C+I+G+X. In addition to elimination of dividend taxation, the Bush plan proposes to make the 2001 tax cuts permanent. Again, one can argue that the wealthy are the primary beneficiaries of Mr. Bush’s tax cuts. But part of the problem stems from inherent inequities in the tax code.

Euthanasia: We Have a Right to a Peaceful Death :: Euthanasia, Physician Assisted Suicide

If there is a contemporary ethical issue which is even more explosive than abortion, it's the question of whether human beings have the right to a peaceful death (euthanasia). In my opinion, a terminally ill person should have a right to avoid pre-death pains and die as peacefully as possible. At this final stage of our presence here, we should not agonize in pointless pain but try to leave well and this implies our right to decide whether we should use euthanasia. Thus, I believe that we need a law that will confirm our rights to euthanasia. However this issue goes beyond merely a right of a certain individual for euthanasia. Many legal norms and procedures must be developed and conventional moral norms must be modified in order to accommodate euthanasia in practice in the USA. In cases of active assisted euthanasia, an assistant (doctor) should feel himself or herself morally comfortable, i.e. not viewed as a murderer. In cases of active unassisted euthanasia a dying person should not be judged as a person who committed suicide. As to the procedures that the government must develop they should ensure that there is a minimum chance of abuse of euthanasia. (Sasha, your part) Abuse aside, it is important that euthanasia does not become simply an expedient solution to the problem of the care for elderly. Nowadays in the United States, even a somewhat healthy elderly person after a certain age comes under a growing social pressure to enter a nursing home, so as to solve the problem of his or her care. Similar pressure (even if to a different degree) to exercise one’s right to euthanasia will necessarily exist if it is legalized. Thus, society must be extremely careful not to let euthanasia become just another convenient solution to the problem of elderly care. It is only the last resort of a person to end agonizing pain, not to stop being a â€Å"burden† on the family or society. This will be especially important in about 10-20-30 years as a large segment of population, the baby boomers, will start approaching the end of their lives. As to the work of Dr. Euthanasia: We Have a Right to a Peaceful Death :: Euthanasia, Physician Assisted Suicide If there is a contemporary ethical issue which is even more explosive than abortion, it's the question of whether human beings have the right to a peaceful death (euthanasia). In my opinion, a terminally ill person should have a right to avoid pre-death pains and die as peacefully as possible. At this final stage of our presence here, we should not agonize in pointless pain but try to leave well and this implies our right to decide whether we should use euthanasia. Thus, I believe that we need a law that will confirm our rights to euthanasia. However this issue goes beyond merely a right of a certain individual for euthanasia. Many legal norms and procedures must be developed and conventional moral norms must be modified in order to accommodate euthanasia in practice in the USA. In cases of active assisted euthanasia, an assistant (doctor) should feel himself or herself morally comfortable, i.e. not viewed as a murderer. In cases of active unassisted euthanasia a dying person should not be judged as a person who committed suicide. As to the procedures that the government must develop they should ensure that there is a minimum chance of abuse of euthanasia. (Sasha, your part) Abuse aside, it is important that euthanasia does not become simply an expedient solution to the problem of the care for elderly. Nowadays in the United States, even a somewhat healthy elderly person after a certain age comes under a growing social pressure to enter a nursing home, so as to solve the problem of his or her care. Similar pressure (even if to a different degree) to exercise one’s right to euthanasia will necessarily exist if it is legalized. Thus, society must be extremely careful not to let euthanasia become just another convenient solution to the problem of elderly care. It is only the last resort of a person to end agonizing pain, not to stop being a â€Å"burden† on the family or society. This will be especially important in about 10-20-30 years as a large segment of population, the baby boomers, will start approaching the end of their lives. As to the work of Dr.

Nucor Steel Case Study Essay

Percentage use of Production Capacity Nucor steel has the largest production capacity capability in North America. However, they have some deficiencies in this area in that in 2010 they utilized just 70 percent of capacity, though it increased in 2011 it was still just 74 percent. Gaining greater production efficiency will reduce costs and in turn increase the profitability of the company. Issue #2 Rising Scrap Metal Prices Nucor maintains its competitive advantage through its low cost production, and their use of electric arc furnaces and recycled scrap metals to produce steel. Prices for scrap steel was not higher than $137 until 2004, and reached a peak of $438 in 2008 before the economic recession hit. In 2009 and 2010 prices were $303 and $351 respectively, and then in 2011 hit an all-time high of $439. With their per unit cost structure relying heavily on these scrap steel prices, their ability to achieve greater profitability is reduced. Nucor needs to find a way to off-set these rising prices in order to maintain its low cost strategy. Issue #3 International Competition and Foreign Subsidies US producers of steel and steel products have fallen victim to aggressively competitive pricing from international firms. In 1999 the US government determined that six countries were indeed dumping stainless steel into the US market. Half of those countries governments were facilitating this process by providing unfair subsidies to offset the firm’s losses from selling at below market prices. In 2001, the Bush administration installed a 30 percent tariff on those countries found guilty of illegal dumping. This same issue is still prevalent today as China has been accused of doing the same thing. They have significantly lower prices than American firms due to the fact that China has been devaluing their currency in order to make exports unfairly cheaper. The US government must intervene and install another tariff on Chinese steel products in order to protect its domestic producers from unfair foreign competition. Recommendation Nucor Corporation should install an aggressive international expansion strategy to achieve several goals. It should be aimed at regaining its premier profitability that it had in 2007 and 2008 mainly by reducing costs. It should strive for gaining an increased market share in developing international markets that were not as effected by the recession in regions of Asia and the Middle East. With that increased demand for steel and steel products, Nucor should not acquire additional capacity, instead they should make more efficient use of its current capacity with the goal of reaching 90 percent usage of capacity. In an effort to reduce costs, Nucor should increase its efforts of reverse-integration in order to provide itself with cheaper raw materials and lower it’s per unit production costs. International market expansion, increased raw material production, and increasing plant capacity efficiency should be the main focus moving forward as Nucor attempts to create a more cost efficient production process, increase revenues, grow its profitability, and continue to provide its stockholders with quarterly dividends and increased yearly dividends as it has for the past 40 years. Appendix A: Dominant Economic Characteristics Market Size and Growth Rate How large is the industry and how fast is it growing? The worldwide industry of crude steel production reached all-time highs with total production equaling 1,559 million tons in 2010 and 1,680 million tons in 2011. Worldwide production capacity was approximately 2,090 million tons in 2011, which resulted in a utilization rate of 80 percent in 2011. The worldwide production of crude steel has grown consistently since 2000 despite two significant periods of economic downturn and decreased demand. According to the World Steel Association, the crude steel production growth rates were 6.2 percent from 2000-2005, 4.4 percent from 2005-2010, and 4.4 percent from 2010-2011. Scope of Competitive Rivalry Is the geographic region over which most companies compete local, regional,  national, multinational, or global? A combination of both national and global Primary National Competitors US Steel ArcelorMittal USA Top Worldwide Competitors ArcelorMittal Worldwide (Luxembourg) Baosteel (China) POSCO (South Korea) Nippon Steel (Japan) JFE (Japan) Jiangsu Shagang (China) Tata Steel (India) Ansteel (China) Gerdau (Brazil) Severstal (Russia) Wuhan (China) ThyssenKrupp (Germany) Evraz (Russia) Is having a presence in foreign markets becoming more important to a company’s long-term competitive success? Yes, especially in times of domestic economic downturn. In the recession of 2009-2011, steel demand in developed countries such as the US and Japan was greatly diminished. However, demand for steel in developing regions such as India, China and the Middle East was exceeding local producer’s capacities. Thus, there is significant opportunity to expand internationally and better utilize current production capacities. Specifically for Nucor, in 2007 they decided that international growth was a necessity, and their strategy hinged on two elements: Opening foreign sales offices: 60 percent of Nucor’s current steel plants were located on deep water access areas which allowed for easy access to international shipping areas without a significant increase in cost. Joint Ventures: Nucor began developing partnerships with reputable and successful foreign firms in an attempt to greater utilize their mutual competencies as well as allow Nucor to establish itself in international markets. Product Innovation Is the industry categorized by rapid product innovation and short product life cycles? Not for the steel industry Innovation is important but with the typical size of projects, it is in no way rapid The steel industry is categorized by long product life cycles, only methods of manufacturing have been changed in the lengthy history of the industry How important is R&D and product innovation? R&D and innovation are extremely important Most major advancements in the past 60 years have resulted in industry breakthroughs that have cut costs and environmental impact dramatically Are there any opportunities to overtake key rivals by being first-to-market with next generation products? Yes, any new technology that will reduce costs and/or increase productivity will almost certainly add to a company’s competitive advantage Being first-to-market with new innovative production methods will absolutely provide an opportunity to overtake rivals This is evident in Nucor’s rise to being one of the top steel producers in North America, their use of electric arc furnaces, thin slab casting process, and strip casting technology gave them a significant boost when attempting to catch US Steel and the US’s largest steel producer Economies of Scale Is the industry characterized by economies of scale in purchasing, manufacturing, advertising, shipping, or other activities? Yes, especially in manufacturing as a company can reduce its per unit fixed costs with greater production capacity Do companies with large†scale operations have an important cost advantage over small†scale firms Yes, smaller firms are few and far between and during the 2000’s many were bought by larger firms in an attempt to increase their total plant capacity, gain market share, and gain a stronger position in specific geographic areas Learning/Experience Curve Effects Are certain industry activities characterized by strong learning and experience effects (â€Å"learning by doing†) such that unit costs decline as a company’s experience in performing the activity builds? Yes, as the firm’s plants operate, their line workers become more and more capable of executing the job, fixing potential problems, and generating ideas to improve  production As the workers become more knowledgeable and experienced, they become more efficient and productive which in turn lowers labor costs and increases total product available for sale and revenues Do any companies have significant cost advantages because of their learning/experience in performing particular activities? Nucor has an advantage in this particular area because of their egalitarian company culture where managers and hourly employees discuss potential improvements and changes on a regular basis They are also very decentralized and are open to new ideas, Nucor truly believes that t heir best source of knowledge for potential improvements in manufacturing is from the employees that are on the front line of the manufacturing process Appendix B: PESTEL Analysis Political Factors The main political factor that is affecting the steel industry pertains to the US market and foreign competition Nucor and many other American steel companies have appealed to the US government that they have been facing unfair competition from foreign firms, they believed that several foreign steel producers were practicing illegal dumping of steel and steel products into the US market In March of 1999, the US Department of Commerce concluded that steel companies in six countries had illegally dumped stainless steel in the US: Canada South Korea Taiwan Italy Belgium South Africa The governments in Belgium, Italy, and South Africa further facilitated this practice by providing subsidies that would cover revenue losses for firms selling steel at below market prices This is still an issue today as US steel producers are facing similar competition from China, where most steel companies are government owned and operated, China has also devalued its own currency in order to provide significantly lower prices Economic Conditions The steel industry is relatively affected by economic conditions Since prices and percentage use of capacity are determined by market supply and demand forces, when the economy is healthy, then demand is strong and steel companies can be profitable. On the other hand, when the economy enters a recession, then demand is reduced greatly and most firms cannot be profitable This is evident with the economic downturns that occurred in the early 2000’s as well as in 2009-2011 when most firms saw revenues and profits decrease dramatically Nucor saw sales drop from 25,187,000 tons in 2008 to 17,576,000 tons in 2009; and accordingly saw net profits drop from $1.8 billion in 2008 to a loss of $293 million in 2009 Sociocultural Forces There is a limited effect of sociocultural forces with respect to the steel industry There will be minor influence based on the growth rate of the population, as with a faster growing population, the need for schools, hospitals, roads, and other public buildings will increase which will in turn increase demand for steel and steel products Technological Factors The technological advances in the steel industry have been revolutionary over the years and have provided other industries with valuable information on how to improve their own production facilities and capabilities However, in recent years it hasn’t provided for the emergence of many new industries stemming from those innovations, nor has it provided significant value to society Environmental Forces Rising fuel prices are hurting steel companies bottom line in that they cannot generate the same amount of power as they could in previous years without increasing expenditures and raising their per unit costs each quarter Plant emission requirements are strictly enforced by the EPA and the US government In the past 50 years, the steel production industry has made great strides in becoming more environmentally conscious and efficient Nucor has developed new techniques and technologies that allow for a more environmentally responsible production process Especially their steel production efforts in Brazil where they use a eucalyptus farm for the fuel in their blast furnace rather than coal, and the eucalyptus farm absorbs more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than the plant emits and completely  neutralizes the effect of global warming Legal and Regulatory Factors Labor laws greatly affect the steel industry, Nucor has few issues with these as they compensate their employees well over federal requirements and industry averages Safety regulations are also a major factor as compliance with OSHA and other safety organizations in a requirement Appendix C: Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entrants Weak The costs associated with entering the steel industry are excessive and the threat of a company doing so is very limited Competition from Substitutes Weak Companies in industries that require steel and steel products, can only use steel and steel products, as other metals don’t possess the same metallurgical qualities like strength and durability required There is some potential that other metals like aluminum, titanium, tungsten and many others could pose a threat, but the majority of Nucor’s customers need steel Buyer Power Moderate Customers have the availability to shop different companies as price is the main determining factor in the industry Since prices and competitive advantage is mainly determined by cost and market supply and demand forces, then customers have a moderate ability to leverage another company’s, or even another country’s, price against a particular supplier Supplier Power Moderate In previous years, Nucor had been at the mercy of rising raw materials prices But in recent years they have begun an aggressive backward-integration strategy to begin producing 6 million to 7 million tons of steel for use in its steel product manufacturing plants Their move to provide their own raw materials has greatly reduced their reliance on raw steel suppliers in the midst of ever-increasing prices Rivalry Strong Domestic competition from US Steel and ArcelorMittal USA is extremely fierce Foreign competition from both European and Asian firms is incredibly stout as well Since advantage is determined mostly by low costs and low prices, competition is a constant price war Appendix D: Drivers of Change in the Industry Innovation of new production techniques Production efficiency Efficiency of capacity usage Ability to reduce costs and therefore lower prices Globalization New marketing strategies Resiliency to changing economic and market conditions Diffusion of technological know-how across companies and countries Consolidation of companies Regulatory influences and government policy changes Appendix E: Current Strategy In 2000, Nucor began a five-part growth strategy that involved: New acquisitions New plant construction Continued plant upgrades and cost reduction efforts International growth through joint ventures Greater control over raw materials Their overall strategy includes all of the above as well as being a low-cost producer and low-price market leader in the steel industry Appendix F: Competitor Analysis Competitor Analysis Framework Current Strategy US Steel Positioned as the long-time industry leader Its competitive advantage, if any is based in brand strength ArcelorMittal USA Positioned alongside US Steel and Nucor in production capacity and serves many of the same industries Competitive Advantage lies in its sales volume and earnings Objectives US Steel Due to significant losses both domestically and in Serbia, strategic financial changes should be expected ArcelorMittal USA Currently experiencing profitable operations, only minor changes should take place in the future Capabilities US Steel Strengths: Brand awareness Years of experience Weaknesses: Unionized workforce Net losses in recent years ArcelorMittal USA Strengths: International subsidiary of ArcelorMittal, thus have knowledge beyond US market Production capacity, sales revenues, and profits Weaknesses: Lack of brand awareness Assumptions US Steel As the old guard, have operated in the red in several years, and assume that they aren’t going anywhere and that the market will turn in their favor ArcelorMittal USA With their overwhelming knowledge from international operations, and being a subsidiary of the largest single steel producer in the world, they assume that their market share and drive for low costs will eventually prevail Strategic Group Map The above chart displays the market positioning of the main three competitors in the US steel production industry. The size of each circle is determined by the volume of steel products shipped. All statistical data used is from 2011. Volume of steel products shipped is very comparable, and the total  number of production plants in the US is also very similar between the three. The largest disparity is on the net profit axis where ArcelorMittal USA led with $2.3 billion in profit, Nucor earned $778 million, and US Steel shows losses of $53 million. Weighted Competitor Strength Analysis and Key Success Factors This chart details the strengths and weaknesses of each of the major three companies in the US steel market based on four key success factors Appendix G: SWOT Analysis Appendix H: Financial Analysis Net Profit Margin Net profit margin shows the percentage of after-tax profit of sales, the chart above shows the true effects of the economic recession that hit in the fourth quarter of 2008, and the slow recovery of the market since then. The market is expected to gain strength in 2012 and Nucor and its stockholders are hoping that forecast is true as they strive to reach their peak performance levels that they obtained in 2007-2008. Return on Invested Capital Return on invested capital is a measure of the return that shareholders are earning on long-term invested monetary capital. This particular measure shows how the economic recession effected Nucor’s shareholders and their overall return on invested capital. 2011 provided a significant rebound in ROIC and Nucor will need to continue to trend this measure upward to meet investor expectations. Internal Cash Flow Internal cash flow is a rough estimate of how much cash a company’s business is producing and would have for potential dividend payments or capital expenditures. The internal cash flow measure is yet another representation of how much the global recession of 2009 and 2010 effected Nucor and its ability to continue its operations as it had in previous years. Despite the drastic reduction in its internal cash flow, Nucor still managed to pay its  shareholders a dividend as it had for 156 consecutive quarters while also increasing the dividend payment paid to stockholders every year since 1973.