Female Participation in the Labour Force

Fe manlike Participation in the Labour ForceINTRODUCTIONFemale company in the churn ram down has been a compelling issue throughout the history. It is also a very dynamic topic in all countries independent of that development level. Its because, the place of women in work olfactory sensation can be considered as brand-new matter comp atomic number 18d to that of men in all societies. Therefore, from 1980s the offers which be more classified as upbeat states like Sweden, Norway and The Netherlands give way been trying to implement most affectionate policies in order to increase women participation in the undertaking force.In this paper, I would like to externalize a study to find out the relation between female person participation in the comprehend force and social policies implemented by states. My plan is more to focus on womens superlative of views and their lore of family policies. More specifically, I am interested in mothers and what sort of influences that fa mily policies be sire on mothers in terms of their participation in work life. The reason misrepresents me sceptic or so this issue is that family policies can have ban results on mothers which is considered as mommy track in the belles-lettres. (Ejns, 2011, p.242) 1As I menti unitaryd before some(prenominal) women studies and welf ar state studies argon new phenomena and there is barely a research especially on mothers and the consequences of the policies rather than type of policies. For this reason, I believe there is a lack in the literature that allows me to make a research on this crucial issue. If there is a significant relationship between female participation in the workforce and family policies d wholeness by state? Even though my starting argue is thinking that these policies have negative results on womens participation in labour party force. In literature there is quite disagreement in interpreting policies results as good or bad. However, even actual literatu re is rich nearly consequences of family policies, there is still lack of study which looks at the issue from mothers localise of views. Hence, through this study I would like to contri only ife to literature while showing mothers science of family policies.The proposal begins with literature review. Second, it describes offered methodology and then finally I leave alone e applicationate what configu dimensionn of further studies can be done depending this research.LITERATURE REVIEWAlthough traditional family structure, which encourages male participation in the labor force for breadwinning, is chancing recently, parenthood still has a huge negative effects on female. That is because women are still recognized as most strategic plowgivers. Most of the time, the place of women has been fixed within the snobbish sphere, in other words within their home life. Thus, literature of family policies effects on the labor force mostly focuses on women and especially mothers.As I menti oned above, despite the fact that researchers use the same subject for their research, there is a disagreement active how do they describe the effects of family policies. Now, I allow summate some important works which try to understand issue of family policies and its effects on the female participation in the labor market.OECD (2005) focuses on the consequences of policy reforms and policies that regulate female participation in the labor market. The creator accepts the flexibility of working-time arrangements, family taxation, to support to maintenance and cathexis of churlren as indicators of policies that affect female participation in the labor market. OECD claims that more flexible working-time causes more luck to access to part-time works for women increase female participation. Moreover, if uphold earners of home and single earners are taxed in the same way, it would be an increase in female labor force. In addition to that according to OECD findings childcare subsid ies and parental top promote female participation but there is a trick in parental provide if it is more than 20 weeks, it begins to create negative consequences on participation rate. On the other hand child benefit foreshortens women participation in the labor market after the birth. Basically, they claim that longer prental leave duration and high child benefits lead to sit around fend for and earn idea in families. The author uses OECDs informationbase and snap 17 OECD countries for panel data regression. (OECD, 2005)Mandel and Semyonov (2006) try to understand women participation in labor market and their occupational achievement among welfare state. They pretended that the state has two dimension as a legislator and as an employer. For both two perspectives, they claimed that family policies in welfare states increase women participation in the workforce. However, this situation does not solve the bother of sexuality inequality and gender wage gap. Either women get p aid with lower salaries because of their excuse time or agnate leave is given one-sided which creates an unequal division of labor between father and mother to take care their babies. They analyze 22 countries and their findings depend on Welfare State Intervention Index and Luxemburg ncome Study. (Mandel Semyonov, 2006)Warnecke (2008) organize a research about that although Spanish government try to regulate family policies such as matriarchal leave, child benefits and child provision, why there is a still lower female participation in the workforce. She claims that all social policies consequences differ in different countries and on different group of women in one field. In the Spain case the parental leave has a negative impact on mothers decision about returning work force. That is because there is a social support for a traditional division of labor in Spain. Woman who uses maternal leave start to see her child as a main occupation and do not necessity to reenter her po sition in the worklife. The author uses one case study as a method for her study.(Warnecke, 2008)Another one case study analyzes Sweden. Evertsson and Duvander (2011) analyze Sweden because that there is flexibility about length of maternal leave. They claimed that if the length of the maternal leave, which is one of the most important family policy as they claim, is more than 3 years, women would become less bequeathing to go back to their job. In addition to this, employers become skeptic about womens productivity and work effort. Accordingly, even though some women want to go back to their job, they have hard times to find one and because of the less opportunity of finding a job, their salaries are considered as favour by employers and they are generally lower compared to male workers who are count as more constant and reliable for companies. (Evertson Duvander, 2011)Ejns (2011) aims to show relationship between family policies and mothers choices between work and childcare and perceived occupational consequences of that choices. He analyzes maternal leave and child care in 5 different countries depending on Round 2 of the European Social Survey. He uses variable logistic regression model for his research. (Ejns, 2011, p. 246) His findings show that long maternal leave policies discourage women to go back to their work but on the other side of the coin, short maternal leave and lack of child care force women to acquire early return or un recitation. In the case of mothers intuition, long maternal leave and childcare provision reduce mothers negative aromaing about their public life.methodological analysis send-off of all, family policies and mothers perception of race are the main concepts in this research. Family policies aim to increase women participation to labor force and they are regulated by state. These policies try to regulate market itself by taxation or womens participation to work force. In this research, I will use length of maternal le ave as an indicator for family policies. That is because only maternal leave has direct effects on mothers daily life. In addition to that, generally, most of the researchers consider that maternal leave is the most important measure. (Henning, Gatermann, Hgglund, 2012) I will use OECD (2005) database for operating family policies. Another concept is mothers perception about their future and present career. I ungenerous that I will research mothers feelings and opinion about their present and future career after the maternal leave. What are the effects of state policies on mothers subsequent life outcomes? I will use mothers feeling and opinions about that they whatever they will come back to labor market or not as an indicator. I will use my regards result for operating mothers perception.Secondly, my research question is the hobby is there a relationship between the length of maternal leave and the perception of mothers about their career? Accordingly, my hypothesis is that th ere is a relationship between the length of maternal leave and the negative perception of mothers about their career. In this hypothesis, the length of the maternal leave is the dependent variable and mothers perception is the independent variable. I measure mothers perception in the nominal and ordinal level by doing survey. I use ratio level of measurement for length of maternal leave.I will use soft methods to conduct this research. That is because mothers perception about their career is an empirical variable. I mean that it is a human behavior and linked to how mothers feel and act. In addition to this, I want to show that deeper causes of mothers non-reenter in labor market and I will not use numerical and statistical variables for my research. This kind of variable is measured by soft methods. Although qualitative method is the most appropriate method for my research, there are some possible disadvantages. First of all, qualitative methods are more expensive from quantitati ve methods and it takes more time than other methods. Secondly, in qualitative methods, researches prejudice effect is inevitable but I try to reduce this effect by my research intention which I you will show next paragraph. Finally, qualitative methods are not generalizable easily because it is not statistical.I will plan to conduct a survey. This survey should be a personal interview. My target of survey must be mothers who have at least one year work experience before having baby. That is because I want to eliminate mothers who have already no willingness about their future and present career. In addition to that, I will choose mothers that are in the decision making process about their career. This process corresponds to one month ago before that maternal leave is finished. Moreover, interviewers of my research should be women. That is because mothers are more comfortable about their feelings in front of their fellows. As I mentioned above, I have a target group for my researc h, so my sample must be non-probabilistic and it should be purposiveness. I want to choose sample groups through Austria, France, Denmark, and United State of America, Australia and United Kingdom. I choose first three of them because that they have the longest maternal leave process. I choose United State of America, Australia and United Kingdom because that they have the shortest length of maternal leave. (OECD, 2005) After that for each country, I will try to access mothers who have at least one year work experience by using data from public employment offices or ministries of labor. Possible questions that the survey includes will try to figure out womens perception with as little bias as possible. For instance, participants will be asked how much time they have spent at home just because to take care of their children. This question aims to understand that to what degree women have dependency to their homes and children. Subsequently, the participants will be asked some questio ns about family policies of their countries. Potential questions for this section would be (1) How maternal leave affects your feeling and opinions about your business life? (2)Why do you work before having baby? (3) Does your children have any health problem? (4) Do you have any relatives who can help you about childcare? (5) What do you think about the length of maternal leave? (6) Do you think maternal leave changes your perception about your career? (7) Are you divorced/single parent?Question 3 and 4 aim to understand if mothers are not returning their work because of economic difficulties or not and the rest of the questions intend to focus on mothers perception and their psychological condition about maternal leave and working after birth.Finally, I want to discuss my measurements reliability and validity. It should be known that each respondent has different characteristics. This diversity might reduce our survey reliability. For making my survey is more reliable I will use s plit half(prenominal) method- designing the same question in different words to eliminate different characteristics of respondents. I deport that these qualitative questions combined with field work will give me consistent results about womens perception of maternal leave and their participation in the labor force.CONCLUSION AND FURTHER RESEARCH TOPICSIn this section, I will discuss further research question that would be asked based on my potential results.First of all, I am aware that even though women perception will give us a different angle while critising family policies of the states, the horticulture and family structures that women are part of are very influential on women decisions. For this reason, more anthropological researchs can be done to figure out the divergence of reentering decisions of women. Each country can be elaborated with their different cultural rituals and it can be seen that to what extend that particular culture fosters gender stratification.Secondl y, I will conduct my research in country-level. But, it is possible that even within a country, the regions can affect policies, perceptions and opportunities of women to return the work life. Thus, regional-level survey may help us to see regional differences if there is any.Finally, I believe the most important aspect of my research is to be based on my main target group, mothers. Thus, in any case the attempt to understand mothers perception on maternal leave will be valuable for further researchs both culturally and politically.REFERENCESEjns, A. (2011). The mpact Of Family Policy And Career nterruptions Of The interdict Occupational Consequences of Full-Time Home Care. European Societies, 239-256.Evertson, M., Duvander, A.-Z. (2011). Parental Leave- Possibility or Trap? Does Family Leave Lenght do Swedish Womens Labour Market Opportunities? European Sociological Review, 435-450.Henning, M., Gatermann, D., Hgglund, A. E. (2012). Pros and Cons of Family Policies for Mothers L abour Market Participation . nternational daybook of Sociology and Social Policy, 502-512.Mandel, H., Semyonov, M. (2006, may). A Welfare State Paradox State nterventations and Womens Employment Opportunities in 22 Countries. American Journal Sociology, 1910-1949.OECD. (2005). Female Labour Force Participation Past Trends and Main Determinants in OECD Countries. OECD iinde, economical Policy Reforms 2005 Going for Growth (s. 161-174). OECD Publishing.Warnecke, T. L. (2008). Women as Wives, Mothers or Workers How Welfare Eligibility Requirements nfluence Womens Labor Force Participation -A upshot Study of Spain- . Journal of Economic ssues, 981-1004.1 Ejns citied this concept from Fraser,N., 1994,After the family wage Gender eqiuty adn the welfare state, Political theory 22(4) 591-618